Uesugi Shinkichi

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{{Short description|Japanese political philosopher and legal scholar (1878–1929)}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| name = Uesugi Shinkichi
|native_name = 上杉 慎吉
| image = Shinkichi Uesugi, Assistant Professor of Public Law in the Imp. University of Tokyo.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Uesugi Shinkichi in 1910
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1878|08|18}}
| birth_place = Fukui town, [[Asuwa District, Fukui|Asuwa District]], [[Fukui Prefecture]], [[Empire of Japan]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1929|04|07|1878|08|18}}
| death_place =[[Tokyo City]], [[Tokyo Prefecture]], [[Empire of Japan]]
| resting_place =
| occupation = Professor of Constitutional Law
| language = [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
| nationality = Japanese
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education =
| region = [[Eastern philosophy]]
* [[Japanese philosophy]]
| school_tradition = [[Japanese nationalism]]
| main_interests = [[Political philosophy]]
| era = [[20th-century philosophy]]
* [[Meiji Era]]
* [[Taishō Era]]
* [[Shōwa Era]]
| notable_works =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
|death_cause=}}

{{Nihongo|'''Uesugi Shinkichi'''|上杉 慎吉|Uesugi Shinkichi|extra=August 18, 1878 – April 7, 1929}} was a [[political philosopher]] and legal scholar who was active in [[Meiji Period|Meiji]], [[Taishō Period|Taishō]], and early [[Shōwa period]] Japan.

==Early life and education==

Uesugi Shinkichi was born in Fukui town, [[Asuwa District, Fukui|Asuwa District]], [[Fukui Prefecture]] (Present-day [[Fukui (city)|Fukui city]] on August 18, 1878. He attended [[Tokyo Imperial University]], where he studied under [[Hozumi Yatsuka]] and graduated with a degree in law in 1903, joining the faculty in the School of Law that same year.{{sfn|Skya|2009|p=157}}

==Career==

In the early years of his career as an educator, Uesugi followed his teacher Hozumi in adhering closely to European theories of the state, and originally subscribed to [[Tatsukichi Minobe|Minobe Tatsukichi]]'s "Emperor Organ Theory" that sovereignty resided in the state and the Emperor was merely the highest organ of the state.{{sfn|Skya|2009|p=157}}

However, Uesugi's views began to change during his stay in Europe from 1906 to 1909, where he studied under George Jellenik.{{sfn|Skya|2009|p=157}} Ironically, it was precisely because Jellenik so strongly urged him to accept German state theory that Uesugi began to turn away from western state theory and European political philosophy.{{sfn|Skya|2009|pp=157-158}}

Beginning in 1911, following his return to Japan, Uesugi launched a sustained series of attacks against Minobe's Emperor Organ Theory, which up until that time held broad, mainstream acceptance.{{sfn|Skya|2009|p=158}} In these attacks, Uesugi accused Minobe of violating Japan's sacred [[kokutai]] ("national essence") by arguing that the Japanese Emperor was subordinate to the state. In 1913, Uesugi formed a group called the Tokagakkai ("Paulownia Flower Society") to defend the kokutai against Minobe’s Emperor Organ Theory and to work for the eradication of all political parties.{{sfn|Skya|2009|p=158}} The Tokagakkai eventually expanded to include more than 200 members, including radical Shintō ultranationalists, military officers, and elite government bureaucrats.{{sfn|Skya|2009|p=158}}

In later years, Uesugi founded the Keirin Gakumei ("Society for the Study of Statesmanship") with National Socialist Takabatake Motoyuki, and after Uesugi and Takabatake had a falling out, focused his activities around another right-wing ultranationalist society he founded called the "Seven Lives Society" (after the famous last words of 14th century samurai [[Kusunoki Masashige]]).{{sfn|Skya|2009|pp=160-162}} These two societies became breeding grounds for a new wave of right-wing activism in the early 1930s including numerous assassinations and attempted assassinations, and inspired future groups such as the [[League of Blood]], many of whose members had started out as members of Uesugi's societies.{{sfn|Skya|2009|pp=162-163}}

In his role as a professor of law at the elite Tokyo Imperial University, Uesugi also trained and mentored many notable right-wing politicians and political activists who were students of his, including [[Nobusuke Kishi]], [[Takeo Fukuda]], and [[Masahiro Yasuoka]]. Uesugi also maintained a close mentoring relationship with [[Bin Akao]], one of the most virulent right-wing ultranationalists of the prewar period, and served as honorary president of Akao's Kenkokukai ("National Foundation Association").{{sfn|Skya|2009|p=163}}

Uesugi died of complications from pleurisy on April 7, 1929.

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources cited===
*{{cite book |last = Skya |first = Walter |year = 2009 |title = Japan’s Holy War: The Ideology of Radical Shinto Ultranationalism |publisher = Duke University Press |location = Durham, NC |isbn = 978-0-8223-4425-4}}

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[[Category:1878 births]]
[[Category:1929 deaths]]
[[Categoryeople from Fukui Prefecture]]
[[Categoryeople from Fukui (city)]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in Japan]]
[[Category:20th-century Japanese philosophers]]

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