Hybernator:
[[File:Ava–Hanthawaddy War 1401–1403 Overview.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Ava and Hanthawaddy forces fought two campaigns between 1416 and 1418.]]
{{Campaignbox Forty Years' War}}
This is a list of '''orders of battle for the 1416–1418 campaigns''' of the [[Forty Years' War|Ava–Hanthawaddy War (1408–1418)]].
==Background==
===Sources===
The orders of battles in this article are sourced from the main [[Burmese chronicles|royal chronicles]]—the ''[[Maha Yazawin]]'', the ''[[Yazawin Thit]]'' and the ''[[Hmannan Yazawin]]'', which primarily narrate the war from the Ava side.{{refn|group=note|See (Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 54–55), (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 263–264), and (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 50–51).}} The ''[[Razadarit Ayedawbon]]'' and ''[[Pak Lat Chronicles]]'', which narrate from the Hanthawaddy perspective do not provide any details for this phase of the war.{{refn|group=note|See (Fernquest 2006: 20) and (Pan Hla 2005: 318–369}.}}
===Adjustment of strength figures===
The military strength figures in this article have been reduced by an order of magnitude from those reported in the chronicles, following [[G.E. Harvey]]'s and [[Victor Lieberman]]'s analyses of Burmese chronicles' military strength figures in general.<ref group=note>See (Harvey 1925: 333–335)'s "Numerical Note". (Lieberman 2014: 98) writing on the [[First Toungoo Empire|First Toungoo period]] concurs: "Military mobilizations were probably more of a boast than a realistic estimate. Modern industrial states have difficulty placing 10% of their people under arms."</ref>
==Hanthawaddy invasion (late 1416)==
===Battle of Toungoo (late 1416)===
====Hanthawaddy Pegu====
{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="min-width:60em; margin:0.3em auto; font-size:88%;"
! colspan=5 | {{resize|116%|Pegu Order of Battle, late 1416}}
|-
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Unit
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Commander
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Strength{{refn|group=note|name=numerical|Unless otherwise stated, the military mobilization figures in this article are reduced by an order of magnitude from those reported in the royal chronicles, per [[G.E. Harvey]]'s analysis in his ''History of Burma'' (1925) in the section Numerical Note (pp. 333–335).}}
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Reference(s)
|-
! colspan="1"| Hanthawaddy Army
! colspan="1"| Prince [[Binnya Dhammaraza]]
! colspan="1"| 7 regiments (7000 troops, 500 cavalry, 30+ elephants)
! colspan="1"| {{refn|group=note|Chronicles report: {{bulleted list
| ''Maha Yazawin'': 7 regiments (70,000 troops, 1000 cavalry, 350 elephants)<ref name=my-2-54>Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 54</ref>
| ''Yazawin Thit'': 7 regiments (70,000 troops, 5000 cavalry, 300 elephants)<ref name=yt-1-263>Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 263</ref>
| ''Hmannan'': 7 regiments (70,000 troops, 5000 cavalry, 350 elephants)<ref name=hy-2-50>Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 50</ref>
}}
}}
|}
====Ava====
{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="min-width:60em; margin:0.3em auto; font-size:88%;"
! colspan=5 | {{resize|116%|Ava Order of Battle, late 1416}}
|-
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Unit
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Commander
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Strength{{refn|group=note|name=numerical}}
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Reference(s)
|-
! colspan="1"| Ava Southern Division
! colspan="1"| Prince [[Thihathu of Ava|Thihathu of Prome]]
! colspan="1"| 8 regiments (8000 troops, 400 cavalry, 30 elephants)
! colspan="1"| {{refn|group=note|''Maha Yazawin'', ''Yazawin Thit'' and ''Hmannan'': 8 regiments (80,000 troops, 4000 cavalry, 300 elephants)<ref name=my-2-54/><ref name=yt-1-263/><ref name=hy-2-50/>}}
|}
==Ava invasion (1417–1418)==
====Ava====
{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="min-width:60em; margin:0.3em auto; font-size:88%;"
! colspan=5 | {{resize|116%|Ava Order of Battle, 1417–1418}}
|-
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Unit
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Commander
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Strength{{refn|group=note|name=numerical}}
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Reference(s)
|-
! colspan="1"| Main Strike Force
! colspan="1"| Prince [[Thihathu of Ava|Thihathu]]
! colspan="1"| 16000 troops, 700 cavalry, 40 elephants, 400 war boats, 500 armored war boats
! rowspan="3"| {{refn|group=note|''Maha Yazawin'', ''Yazawin Thit'' and ''Hmannan'': 7 regiments (70,000 troops, 7000 cavalry, 400 elephants) and 7 flotillas (9000 troops, 30 war ships, 400 war boats, 500 armored war boats, 700 cargo boats)<ref name=my-2-54/><ref name=yt-1-264>Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 264</ref><ref name=hy-2-51>Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 51</ref>
}}
|-
| align="center"| Army
| align="center"| [[Nawrahta of Salin]]
| align="center"| 7 regiments (7000 troops, 700 cavalry, 40 elephants)
|-
| align="center"| Navy
| align="center"| [[Thihathu of Ava|Thihathu]]
| align="center"| 7 flotillas (9000 troops, 30 war ships, 400 war boats, 500 armored war boats, 700 cargo boats)
|}
====Hanthawaddy Pegu====
{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="min-width:60em; margin:0.3em auto; font-size:88%;"
! colspan=5 | {{resize|116%|Pegu Order of Battle, 1417–1418}}
|-
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Unit
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Commander
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Strength{{refn|group=note|name=numerical}}
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Reference(s)
|-
! colspan="1"| Royal Hanthawaddy Armed Forces
! colspan="1"| King [[Razadarit]]
! colspan="1"|
! rowspan="6"| <ref name=my-2-54-55>Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 54–55</ref><ref name=yt-1-264/><ref name=hy-2-51/>
|-
| align="center"| Dala Regiment
| align="center"| Prince [[Binnya Kyan of Martaban|Binnya Dala]]
| align="center"|
|-
| align="center"| Dagon Regiment
| align="center"| Prince [[Binnya Set of Dagon]]{{surrendered}}
| align="center"|
|-
| align="center"| Syriam Regiment
| align="center"| [[Smin Awa Naing]]
| align="center"|
|-
| align="center"| Hmawbi Regiment
| align="center"| Smin Byat Za the Younger{{surrendered}}
| align="center"|
|-
| align="center"| Royal Main Army at Pegu and Martaban
| align="center"| [[Razadarit]]
| align="center"|
|}
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Bibliography==
* {{cite journal |last=Fernquest |first=Jon |title=Rajadhirat's Mask of Command: Military Leadership in Burma (c. 1384–1421) |journal=SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research |volume=4 |issue=1 |date=Spring 2006 |ref={{sfnref|Fernquest Spring 2006}} |url=https://www.burmalibrary.org/docs11/SBBR4.1-Fernquest.pdf |access-date=2024-01-04 |archive-date=2020-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322195457/https://www.burmalibrary.org/docs11/SBBR4.1-Fernquest.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last=Fernquest |first=Jon |title=Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382–1454) |journal=SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research |volume=4 |issue=2 |date=Autumn 2006 |ref={{sfnref|Fernquest Autumn 2006}} |url=https://www.burmalibrary.org/docs4/4.2Fernquest.pdf |access-date=2024-01-04 |archive-date=2017-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810234713/http://burmalibrary.org/docs4/4.2Fernquest.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book | last=Harvey | first=G. E.| author-link=G.E. Harvey | title=History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 | publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd | year=1925 | location = London}}
* {{cite book | last=Kala | first=U | author-link=U Kala | title=[[Maha Yazawin]] | publisher=Ya-Pyei Publishing | location=Yangon | orig-year=1724 | year=2006 | edition=4th printing | language=my | volume=1–3}}
* {{cite book | last=Lieberman | first=Victor B. | author-link=Victor Lieberman | title=Burmese Administrative Cycles: Anarchy and Conquest, c. 1580–1760 | orig-year=1984 | year=2014 | publisher=Princeton University Press | isbn=0-691-05407-X}}
* {{cite book | author=Maha Sithu | author-link=Twinthin Taikwun Maha Sithu | title=[[Yazawin Thit]] | publisher=Ya-Pyei Publishing | location=Yangon | orig-year=1798 | year=2012 | edition=2nd printing | language=my | volume=1–3 |editor=Myint Swe |editor2=Kyaw Win | editor3=Thein Hlaing}}
* {{cite book | last=Pan Hla | first=Nai | author-link=Nai Pan Hla | title=[[Razadarit Ayedawbon]] | language=my | orig-year=1968 | edition=8th printing | year=2005 | location=Yangon | publisher=Armanthit Sarpay}}
* {{cite book | author=[[Royal Historical Commission of Burma]] | title=[[Hmannan Yazawin]] | volume=1–3 | orig-year=1832 | location=Yangon | language=my | year=2003 | publisher=Ministry of Information, Myanmar}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Orders of battle for the Ava-Hanthawaddy War (1416-1418)}}
[[Category:Forty Years' War orders of battle]]
Okumaya devam et...
[[File:Ava–Hanthawaddy War 1401–1403 Overview.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Ava and Hanthawaddy forces fought two campaigns between 1416 and 1418.]]
{{Campaignbox Forty Years' War}}
This is a list of '''orders of battle for the 1416–1418 campaigns''' of the [[Forty Years' War|Ava–Hanthawaddy War (1408–1418)]].
==Background==
===Sources===
The orders of battles in this article are sourced from the main [[Burmese chronicles|royal chronicles]]—the ''[[Maha Yazawin]]'', the ''[[Yazawin Thit]]'' and the ''[[Hmannan Yazawin]]'', which primarily narrate the war from the Ava side.{{refn|group=note|See (Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 54–55), (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 263–264), and (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 50–51).}} The ''[[Razadarit Ayedawbon]]'' and ''[[Pak Lat Chronicles]]'', which narrate from the Hanthawaddy perspective do not provide any details for this phase of the war.{{refn|group=note|See (Fernquest 2006: 20) and (Pan Hla 2005: 318–369}.}}
===Adjustment of strength figures===
The military strength figures in this article have been reduced by an order of magnitude from those reported in the chronicles, following [[G.E. Harvey]]'s and [[Victor Lieberman]]'s analyses of Burmese chronicles' military strength figures in general.<ref group=note>See (Harvey 1925: 333–335)'s "Numerical Note". (Lieberman 2014: 98) writing on the [[First Toungoo Empire|First Toungoo period]] concurs: "Military mobilizations were probably more of a boast than a realistic estimate. Modern industrial states have difficulty placing 10% of their people under arms."</ref>
==Hanthawaddy invasion (late 1416)==
===Battle of Toungoo (late 1416)===
====Hanthawaddy Pegu====
{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="min-width:60em; margin:0.3em auto; font-size:88%;"
! colspan=5 | {{resize|116%|Pegu Order of Battle, late 1416}}
|-
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Unit
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Commander
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Strength{{refn|group=note|name=numerical|Unless otherwise stated, the military mobilization figures in this article are reduced by an order of magnitude from those reported in the royal chronicles, per [[G.E. Harvey]]'s analysis in his ''History of Burma'' (1925) in the section Numerical Note (pp. 333–335).}}
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Reference(s)
|-
! colspan="1"| Hanthawaddy Army
! colspan="1"| Prince [[Binnya Dhammaraza]]
! colspan="1"| 7 regiments (7000 troops, 500 cavalry, 30+ elephants)
! colspan="1"| {{refn|group=note|Chronicles report: {{bulleted list
| ''Maha Yazawin'': 7 regiments (70,000 troops, 1000 cavalry, 350 elephants)<ref name=my-2-54>Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 54</ref>
| ''Yazawin Thit'': 7 regiments (70,000 troops, 5000 cavalry, 300 elephants)<ref name=yt-1-263>Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 263</ref>
| ''Hmannan'': 7 regiments (70,000 troops, 5000 cavalry, 350 elephants)<ref name=hy-2-50>Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 50</ref>
}}
}}
|}
====Ava====
{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="min-width:60em; margin:0.3em auto; font-size:88%;"
! colspan=5 | {{resize|116%|Ava Order of Battle, late 1416}}
|-
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Unit
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Commander
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Strength{{refn|group=note|name=numerical}}
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Reference(s)
|-
! colspan="1"| Ava Southern Division
! colspan="1"| Prince [[Thihathu of Ava|Thihathu of Prome]]
! colspan="1"| 8 regiments (8000 troops, 400 cavalry, 30 elephants)
! colspan="1"| {{refn|group=note|''Maha Yazawin'', ''Yazawin Thit'' and ''Hmannan'': 8 regiments (80,000 troops, 4000 cavalry, 300 elephants)<ref name=my-2-54/><ref name=yt-1-263/><ref name=hy-2-50/>}}
|}
==Ava invasion (1417–1418)==
====Ava====
{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="min-width:60em; margin:0.3em auto; font-size:88%;"
! colspan=5 | {{resize|116%|Ava Order of Battle, 1417–1418}}
|-
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Unit
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Commander
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Strength{{refn|group=note|name=numerical}}
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Reference(s)
|-
! colspan="1"| Main Strike Force
! colspan="1"| Prince [[Thihathu of Ava|Thihathu]]
! colspan="1"| 16000 troops, 700 cavalry, 40 elephants, 400 war boats, 500 armored war boats
! rowspan="3"| {{refn|group=note|''Maha Yazawin'', ''Yazawin Thit'' and ''Hmannan'': 7 regiments (70,000 troops, 7000 cavalry, 400 elephants) and 7 flotillas (9000 troops, 30 war ships, 400 war boats, 500 armored war boats, 700 cargo boats)<ref name=my-2-54/><ref name=yt-1-264>Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 264</ref><ref name=hy-2-51>Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 51</ref>
}}
|-
| align="center"| Army
| align="center"| [[Nawrahta of Salin]]
| align="center"| 7 regiments (7000 troops, 700 cavalry, 40 elephants)
|-
| align="center"| Navy
| align="center"| [[Thihathu of Ava|Thihathu]]
| align="center"| 7 flotillas (9000 troops, 30 war ships, 400 war boats, 500 armored war boats, 700 cargo boats)
|}
====Hanthawaddy Pegu====
{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="min-width:60em; margin:0.3em auto; font-size:88%;"
! colspan=5 | {{resize|116%|Pegu Order of Battle, 1417–1418}}
|-
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Unit
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Commander
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Strength{{refn|group=note|name=numerical}}
! style="background-color:#B9D1FF"| Reference(s)
|-
! colspan="1"| Royal Hanthawaddy Armed Forces
! colspan="1"| King [[Razadarit]]
! colspan="1"|
! rowspan="6"| <ref name=my-2-54-55>Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 54–55</ref><ref name=yt-1-264/><ref name=hy-2-51/>
|-
| align="center"| Dala Regiment
| align="center"| Prince [[Binnya Kyan of Martaban|Binnya Dala]]
| align="center"|
|-
| align="center"| Dagon Regiment
| align="center"| Prince [[Binnya Set of Dagon]]{{surrendered}}
| align="center"|
|-
| align="center"| Syriam Regiment
| align="center"| [[Smin Awa Naing]]
| align="center"|
|-
| align="center"| Hmawbi Regiment
| align="center"| Smin Byat Za the Younger{{surrendered}}
| align="center"|
|-
| align="center"| Royal Main Army at Pegu and Martaban
| align="center"| [[Razadarit]]
| align="center"|
|}
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Bibliography==
* {{cite journal |last=Fernquest |first=Jon |title=Rajadhirat's Mask of Command: Military Leadership in Burma (c. 1384–1421) |journal=SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research |volume=4 |issue=1 |date=Spring 2006 |ref={{sfnref|Fernquest Spring 2006}} |url=https://www.burmalibrary.org/docs11/SBBR4.1-Fernquest.pdf |access-date=2024-01-04 |archive-date=2020-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322195457/https://www.burmalibrary.org/docs11/SBBR4.1-Fernquest.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last=Fernquest |first=Jon |title=Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382–1454) |journal=SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research |volume=4 |issue=2 |date=Autumn 2006 |ref={{sfnref|Fernquest Autumn 2006}} |url=https://www.burmalibrary.org/docs4/4.2Fernquest.pdf |access-date=2024-01-04 |archive-date=2017-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810234713/http://burmalibrary.org/docs4/4.2Fernquest.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book | last=Harvey | first=G. E.| author-link=G.E. Harvey | title=History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 | publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd | year=1925 | location = London}}
* {{cite book | last=Kala | first=U | author-link=U Kala | title=[[Maha Yazawin]] | publisher=Ya-Pyei Publishing | location=Yangon | orig-year=1724 | year=2006 | edition=4th printing | language=my | volume=1–3}}
* {{cite book | last=Lieberman | first=Victor B. | author-link=Victor Lieberman | title=Burmese Administrative Cycles: Anarchy and Conquest, c. 1580–1760 | orig-year=1984 | year=2014 | publisher=Princeton University Press | isbn=0-691-05407-X}}
* {{cite book | author=Maha Sithu | author-link=Twinthin Taikwun Maha Sithu | title=[[Yazawin Thit]] | publisher=Ya-Pyei Publishing | location=Yangon | orig-year=1798 | year=2012 | edition=2nd printing | language=my | volume=1–3 |editor=Myint Swe |editor2=Kyaw Win | editor3=Thein Hlaing}}
* {{cite book | last=Pan Hla | first=Nai | author-link=Nai Pan Hla | title=[[Razadarit Ayedawbon]] | language=my | orig-year=1968 | edition=8th printing | year=2005 | location=Yangon | publisher=Armanthit Sarpay}}
* {{cite book | author=[[Royal Historical Commission of Burma]] | title=[[Hmannan Yazawin]] | volume=1–3 | orig-year=1832 | location=Yangon | language=my | year=2003 | publisher=Ministry of Information, Myanmar}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Orders of battle for the Ava-Hanthawaddy War (1416-1418)}}
[[Category:Forty Years' War orders of battle]]
Okumaya devam et...