rephrase lede to be more clear. this is better than before but still could be more clear!
Okumaya devam et...
← Previous revision | Revision as of 03:24, 30 April 2024 |
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| {{Short description|Sociopolitical concept coined by bell hooks}} | {{Short description|Sociopolitical concept coined by bell hooks}} |
| The '''"oppositional gaze",''' first coined by feminist, scholar and social activist [[bell hooks]] in her 1992 essay collection ''Black Looks: Race and Representation'', is a type of looking relation that involves the political rebellion and resistance against the repression of a black person's right to look. | The '''oppositional gaze''' is a term coined by [[bell hooks]] the 1992 essay ''The Oppositional Gaze: Black Female Spectators'' that refers to the power of looking. According to hooks, an oppositional gaze is a way that a [[Black people|Black]] person in a subordinate position communicates their status. hooks' essay is a work of [[feminist film theory]] that discusses the [[male gaze]], [[Michel Foucault]], and [[white feminism]] in film theory. |
| hooks' essay is a work of [[feminist film theory]] that criticizes both the [[male gaze]] through [[Michel Foucault]]'s "relations of power" and the prevalence of [[white feminism]] in feminist film theory. | |
| == Background == | == Background == |
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| The concept was first developed as a lens of critical theory for black women to apply when watching cinema. When viewing films mainly dominated by white men and women, where black women were most often only featured as a servant to a white woman or an object of male gaze, black women may feel many conflicting feelings. For one, they have been conditioned not to look, but are now being asked to do so without punishment, rather encouragement. Secondly, society prompts them to relate to and identify with the white women they see on screen, even though their experience as black women moving through the world is not comparable to the images being depicted. With such poor representations of themselves on screen, they would either have to let go all critiques to enjoy what they are watching or refrain from being a spectator of cinema at all. hooks saw this and did not want these two routes to be the only options, so she created the critical oppositional gaze. This allowed black female viewers to no longer ignore all critiques of the power structures imbedded in the films to enjoy them, but rather to recognize them and start dialogue about it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Innovative Research Methods |url=https://innovativeresearchmethods.org/the-oppositional-gaze-black-female-spectators/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> | The concept was first developed as a lens of critical theory for black women to apply when watching cinema. When viewing films mainly dominated by white men and women, where black women were most often only featured as a servant to a white woman or an object of male gaze, black women may feel many conflicting feelings. For one, they have been conditioned not to look, but are now being asked to do so without punishment, rather encouragement. Secondly, society prompts them to relate to and identify with the white women they see on screen, even though their experience as black women moving through the world is not comparable to the images being depicted. With such poor representations of themselves on screen, they would either have to let go all critiques to enjoy what they are watching or refrain from being a spectator of cinema at all. hooks saw this and did not want these two routes to be the only options, so she created the critical oppositional gaze. This allowed black female viewers to no longer ignore all critiques of the power structures imbedded in the films to enjoy them, but rather to recognize them and start dialogue about it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Innovative Research Methods |url=https://innovativeresearchmethods.org/the-oppositional-gaze-black-female-spectators/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> |
| The oppositional gaze encompasses modes of looking that employ reflexive gazes such as: | The oppositional gaze encompasses modes of looking that employ reflexive gazes, including male, feminine, and phallocentric gazes. |
| * The male gaze | |
| * The feminine gaze | |
| * The phallocentric gaze | |
| === The male gaze === | === The male gaze === |
Okumaya devam et...